2.3.5 Exile of Spanish Jesuits to Italy.2.3.3 Jesuits expelled from Mexico (New Spain).2.3.1 Events leading to the Spanish suppression.2.2.1 Decline of the Jesuits in New France.2.1 First national suppression: Portugal and its empire in 1759.In 1814, a subsequent Pope, Pius VII, acted to restore the Society of Jesus to its previous provinces, and the Jesuits began to resume their work in those countries. In Russia, Catherine the Great allowed the founding of a new novitiate.

It continued underground operations in China, Russia, Prussia, and the United States. With his Papal brief, Dominus ac Redemptor (21 July 1773), Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Society as a fait accompli. Monarchies attempting to centralise and secularise political power viewed the Jesuits as supranational, too strongly allied to the papacy, and too autonomous from the monarchs in whose territory they operated. In France, it was a combination of many influences, from Jansenism to free-thought, to the then prevailing impatience with the old order of things. The Jesuits, who were not above getting involved in politics, were distrusted for their closeness to the pope and his power in the religious and political affairs of independent nations. Historians identify multiple factors causing the suppression.

The papacy reluctantly acceded to the anti-Jesuit demands of various Catholic kingdoms while providing minimal theological justification for the suppressions. This timeline was influenced by political manoeuvrings both at Rome and within each country involved.

The Jesuits were serially expelled from the Portuguese Empire (1759), France (1764), the Two Sicilies, Malta, Parma, the Spanish Empire (1767) and Austria and Hungary (1782). The suppression of the Jesuits was the removal of all members of the Society of Jesus from most of the countries of Western Europe and their colonies beginning in 1759, and the abolishment of the order by the Holy See in 1773.

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